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Performance,
Emission, Combustion and Endurance Characterization of Karanja Oil
Biodiesel in CI Engine |
Biodiesel from Karanja oil is
produced to meet contemporarily biodiesel specifications. This
biodiesel will be characterized for its fuel properties by measuring
its viscosity, density, calorific value, flash and fire point,
cetane number etc. Performance, emission and combustion
characteristics of this biodiesel and its blends with mineral diesel
will be evaluated in a transportation compression ignition engine.
Long term effect of biodiesel on engine wear will also be
investigated. Effect of biodiesel on lubricating oil degradation
will be compared with mineral diesel to improve the formulation of
lubricating oil for biodiesel fueled engines. |
Characterization
and Control of HCCI Combustion Engine for Utilization of Different
Gasoline Like Fuels |
Automotive industry has been
forced by the stringent emission regulations to develop
technologies for clean and low fuel consumption for ambient air
quality improvement, green house gas reduction (CO2 in
particular) and energy security. As a result, fuels and engines
used in transportation have to face two major challenges of
improving fuel economy and reducing emissions simultaneously in
a highly competitive economy. Considering continuously evolving
stringent emission regulations, as well as increasing shortage
of primary energy resources, the development of new highly
efficient and environment friendly combustion systems,
associated with alternative fuels has becomes increasingly
important and hence research needs to be carried out in this
domain. Utilization of alternate fuels for engines has several
desirable goals including reduced dependence on dwindling
supplies of petroleum and emission reduction.
While primary
alcohol utilization in a compression ignition engine (as gasohol
or diesohol) is problematic, the alcohols are ultra-clean
combustion characteristics and can be readily produced from a
variety of feed-stocks (renewable as well as non-renewable)
including methane, coal, grains and biomass. Biomass production
can potentially be based on various waste inputs including crop
residue and municipal waste.
Homogeneous Charge
Compression Ignition (HCCI) is being considered as an
alternative combustion concept in the internal combustion
engines. As a state-of-the-art internal combustion concept, HCCI
has potential for nearly zero NOx and soot emissions
with efficiency equivalent/ higher than compression ignition.
Due to fuel flexibility offered by HCCI combustion concept,
alternative fuels like primary alcohols can be used in this new
combustion concept. The proposed research in this project
focuses on various aspects of performance, emission and
combustion behavior of using alcohols in HCCI combustion
engines.
This project
involves two phases. In the first half of the project, an engine
will be modified to run in HCCI combustion mode with the help of
suitable hardware modifications, sub-assemblies and
instrumentation. This will involve modification of engine
hardware, power-train, as well as development and testing of
control system and fuel injection system according to the
requirements. The aim of the first half of the project is to
achieve combustion in HCCI mode. In the second phase of the
project, engine’s detailed performance, emissions and combustion
investigations in HCCI mode will be carried out. Based on these
experimental observations, optimization of fuel injection and
control strategies will be devised and experiments will be
conducted for achieving lower emissions (with substantial
reduction in CO2 emissions of the order of 20-30%) and a wide
engine operating range (i.e. large number of speed and load
conditions). This study will help develop scientific
understanding and engineering system development for utilization
of primary alcohols in highly efficient combustion mode i.e.
HCCI.
|
Combustion and
Emissions Investigations of a Biodiesel Fuelled HCCI Engine |
Extensive experimental research shows that the engine exhaust
emissions and fuel efficiency of modern diesel engines indicate
several unfavorable conditions for biodiesel fuels when the engines
are operated in conventional high temperature combustion cycles. The
homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alternative
combustion concept for internal combustion engines. The HCCI
combustion engine offers significant benefits in terms of high
thermal efficiency and ultra low emissions (NOx and PM).
In this context, effect of biodiesel content on HCCI engine
performance and emission characterization has been investigated
experimentally. Combustion experiments are performed in a two
cylinder engine, in which one cylinder operates in HCCI mode while
other operates in a conventional diesel engine cycle. The basic
requirement of the HCCI engines of homogeneous mixture of fuel and
air is fulfilled by port fuel injection strategy, in which an
external mixing device is used for fuel vaporization. This fuel
vaporizer provides highly premixed charge of fuel and air. HCCI
engine is operated with various blends of biodiesel (B20, B40, B60
and B80) and 100% biodiesel (B100). Experimental results of engine
tests included combustion and exhaust composition at different
engine load and speed conditions. A partial flow dilution tunnel is
used for particulate sampling, which are further analysed for
various metal concentrations in biodiesel HCCI particulates
vis-à-vis diesel HCCI particulates. |
Comparative Chemical
Characterization of Particulates Emitted from Diesel and Biodiesel
Fuelled CRDI Engine |
Diesel engines are known for
their durability, robustness and for their low fuel consumption that
is continuously improving over the past. This advantage has become
the most important, since the world is committed to reduce
emissions. In addition to inherent high efficiency leading to low
emission levels of CO2, diesel engine produces low CO and
HC exhaust levels. Despite all these advantages, diesel engines is
disadvantaged in terms of high NOX and particulate
emissions, which are directly associated with adverse health or
environmental impacts. In recent years, health effects associated
with exposure to diesel particulate matter (DPM) and other
combustion-generated ultrafine aerosols received substantial
attention globally from public, academic and the government.
Alternative fuels (Biofuels) are drawing increasing attention
worldwide as substitutes for petroleum-derived transportation fuels
to help address energy cost, energy security and global warming
concerns. My research mainly deals with the
Comparative
Chemical Characterization of Particulates Emitted from Diesel and
Biodiesel Fuelled CRDI Engine. In this study parametric
investigations are carried out using a modern automotive CRDI diesel
engine operated at different loads at two constant engine speeds
(1800 and 2400 rpm) respectively employing diesel and 20% biodiesel
blend (B20) produced from Karanja oil. A partial flow dilution
tunnel was used for sampling and to measure the mass of primary
particulates from diesel and biodiesel collected on a 47 mm quartz
filter paper collected in 30 min duration. This is followed by
chemical analysis of the particulates collected on the substrate for
Benzene Soluble Organic Fraction (BSOF), which is a marker of
toxicology of the exhaust particulates. The particulates collected
from diesel and biodiesel exhaust were analyzed for their elemental
composition focusing on trace metals. In addition, real-time
measurements for particle bound Organic Carbon (OC), Elemental
Carbon (EC) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are carried
out on the diluted primary exhaust coming out of the partial flow
dilution tunnel. Conclusion will be drawn on above parameters
whether alternative fuels will have
superior engine performance in reducing particulate mass emission at
all engine operating conditions compared to mineral diesel or not. |
Diesel Engine
Emission Control |
It is expected that the vehicle
density will increase significantly in coming future, therefore more
strict emission regulations has to come. It is very important to
make the compulsory use of the control techniques in the vehicles to
meet the emission standards. The main focus of my research will be
on the development of diesel emission control techniques based on
the future Indian emission standards. |
Biodiesel
Production |
Biodiesel has been identified as a suitable
alternative for the traditional diesel fuel for rural applications
in India because of its biodegradable nature and localized abundant
availability of the feedstock materials. Decentralized biodiesel
production in rural areas of developing countries like India will
not only help reduce the petroleum import bill but also help
generate employment in rural areas. The biodiesel pilot plant is
designed and developed keeping in mind rural applications, where
biodiesel can be manufactured on-site for utilization, thus
eliminating transport costs related to raw material and final
product. The pilot plant is 25 Kg batch size and works on
transesterification process. The plant can utilize acid based,
alkali based and enzyme based transesterification. This plant has a
steam generator for meeting process heat requirements. The
transesterified biodiesel is then washed using warm water, in order
to remove the catalyst and the final product can be later stored for
distribution. Glycerol is the by-product of the process, which is an
expensive and important intermediate chemical. Purified glycerol can
be used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to bring the
overall economics in favor of biodiesel production. This pilot plant
is capable of producing biodiesel from various types of edible and
non-edible vegetable oils. Pilot Plant Reactor Optimization, pilot
plant scale studies of chemical kinetics of biodiesel production for
other oils of Indian origin such as Jatropha and Karanja, analyzing
the data generated and modeling the kinetics, quality assessment of
the product and fine tuning of the reactor and the process was done
for ensuring the quality and standardization of biodiesel
production. |
Development of
Single Cylinder CRDI System |
Common Rail Direct Injection system gives engine developers the
freedom they need to reduce engine exhaust emissions, fuel
consumption as well as engine noise. The particular design of Common
Rail, with its flexible division of injection into several pre-,
main and post-injections, allows the engine and the injection system
to be matched to each other in the best possible way. In the Common
Rail accumulator injection system, the generation of the injection
pressure is separate from the injection itself. A high-pressure pump
generates in an accumulator – the rail – a pressure of up to 1,600
bars, independently of the engine speed and the quantity of fuel
injected. The fuel is fed through high pressure pipes to the
injectors, which inject the correct amount of fuel into the
combustion chambers. The Electronic Control Unit (ECU) controls
extremely precisely all the injection parameters – such as the
pressure in the Rail, start of injection and rate of injector of
solenoid valve injector according to the engine operating condition. |
Performance,
Emission, Combustion Characteristics and Particulate Size
measurement of Alcohol-Gasoline Blends in Maruti Zen Engine |
In all alternative fuel being consider as an alternate to IC engine,
alcohols have a high potential. Alcohols are an attractive
alternative fuel because they can be obtained from both natural and
manufactured sources. Alcohols have much higher octane ratings than
typical gasoline ─ which allows alcohol engines to have much higher
compression ratios, increasing thermal efficiency. A significant advantage of alcohol fuels is that their emissions are less
reactive in the atmosphere, producing smaller amounts of ozone and
they do not produce any soot or particulates. Due to high latent
heat of vaporization, it can be produce very low levels of oxides of
nitrogen and gives cooler intake process. this increases the
volumetric efficiency of the engine and reduces the required work
input in the compression stroke .it also reduce the sulfur dioxide
in the atmosphere because it contain less sulfur due to high octane
No.
None of the alcohols higher than methanol and ethanol have been
seriously considered as alternative fuels .methanol and ethanol are
the alcohols which have a potential to use in transportation
vehicles. They are liquids and have several physical and combustion
properties similar to gasoline and diesel fuel therefore they can be
use as same basic engine and use also same fuel system technologies
those who used by gasoline and diesel fuel. |
Utilization of Natural Gas in Spark Ignited Engine Through Port
Injection |
CNG, referred to as green fuel, has come out
as a solution to depleting crude oil resources (limited to
politically sensitive location) by its global distribution as well
as to the deteriorating urban air quality problem mainly global
warming by reducing CO2 emission.Main objective is to introduce CNG
directly into the combustion chamber to overcome the problem of
reduced volumetric efficiency and study the performance & emission
of the engine. And also make a comparative analysis with manifold
injected natural gas operation. |
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