( Non-commercial )
This project is intended to develop technical competence among the engineers and other professionals through different short term courses on various advanced technologies of wireless communication systems. The courses provide the participants with a comprehensive treatment of a number of promising research topics, open problems, potential research directions, and ideas for developing state-of-the-art testbeds. Since the inception of this project, every year, on an average two courses are organized by Department of Electrical Engineering and BITCOE at IIT Kanpur. All the classes are conducted in "classroom" style towards building up the various theoretical aspects beginning with the fundamentals, together with problem solving sessions to further enhance and consolidate understanding.
Prof. Ajit Kumar Chaturvedi, Dept. of Electrical Enginering, IIT Kanpur.
Prof. Adrish Banerjee, Dept. of Electrical Enginering, IIT Kanpur.
Prof. Ketan Rajawat, Dept. of Electrical Enginering, IIT Kanpur.
Practicing wireless system engineers.
Graduate Students Pursuing Research in Wireless Communications.
Teachers of engineering colleges.
Interested undergraduate students with good academic record.
Technologies for 5G Wireless Communication Networks (July 25th-27th 2016).
Convex optimization for Wireless Communications (November 16th-18th 2015).
Estimation Theory for Communications and Signal Processing (January 21st-23rd 2015).
Short course on "Detection Theory for Communications and Signal Processing (April 27th-29th 2015).
Convex Optimization for Wireless Communications (September 15th-17th 2014).
Cognitive Radio: A New Paradign in Wireless (October 20th-22nd 2013).
Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Challenges (July 22nd-24th 2013).
MIMO/OFDM based Advanced 4G Cellular Networks (January 11th-13th 2013).
Wireless Sensor Networks: From Theory to Practice (May 24th-26th 2012).
Cognitive Radio: Next Frontier in Wireless Communications (October 20th-22nd 2011).
OFDM based 4G cellular standards: LTE and WiMAX (May 09-11, 2011).
Cognitive Radio: The Next Frontier in Wireless Communications (November 23rd-25th 2010).
Introduction to LTE (at C-DOT, Bangalore).
OFDM based Next Generation Wireless Standards (May 17th-19th 2010).
Wireless Circuits and Systems (jointly organized by USM Malaysia at Penang, Malaysia, in December 2009).
Cellular Technologies: 3G and Beyond (December 26th-28th 2009) .
Audio & Video: Processing, Transmission, Coding and Display (November-December 2007).
Principles and Practices in Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) (November 2007).
( Commercial )
The network diagnostics and optimization tool (NetDOT) is designed and developed in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, to facilitate the network analysis and performance optimization of modern mobile networks. The tool is designed to help Radio Access network (RAN) engineer understand the network performance by offering recommendations to reduce and remove the most consistent errors and faults in the network that may be caused by hardware faults, channel conditions or incorrect parameter settings .
The software generates recommendations to optimize the network performance based on the traffic and network performance reported in the OSS reports and the network settings which are reported in the RL Dump file. The software analyzes the following reports :
Network Quality Report.
Hardware Dimensioning Report.
Dropped Calls BSC Report.
Handover Success Rate Report.
RL Dump Report.
Site Data Report.
The thresholds of the five Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) viz., SDCCH Drop, SDCCH Blocking, TCH Drop, TCH Blocking, and Handover Success Rate are checked for threshold violations (according to TRAI benchmarks). Whenever any of the KPIs exceeds the thresholds, the software apart from generating an error report also produces a list of recommendations to improve the KPIs. The recommendations suggest modification to the BTS configuration parameters, such as, minimum access power threshold, hardware faults (for example TRx configuration), BCCH clash, handover margins, cell load sharing parameters, and TCH rate etc.
In addition to detecting faults, the software generates recommendations for BCCH frequency re-allocation when the system detects a BCCH clash or a new cell is introduced into the system. The objective is to optimize the BCCH allocation with minimal changes to the existing network. An iterative check within the module ensures that the recommended frequency does not lead to any further BCCH clashes in the network.
Generation of network performance statistics i.e. the fault performance and drop reasons for the period analyzed. It includes a module based on the Network Quality report which will help the user to visualize the traffic performance and the fault behavior over a 24 hour period.
Commerciable (process ongoing)
“DigitalMandi for Indian Kisan” is a unique web and cell phone based multimodal agriculture commodity price retrieval system. It has been developed by BITCOE (BSNL IIT-Kanpur Centre of Excellence) at IIT-Kanpur. The application service was formally inaugurated by Hon’ble MOC & IT on 29th August 2011 and is operational since then. This service provides a registered farmer alerts through SMS and/or voice on his mobile about selected mandi rates of selected crops. In this way, this presents a unique web and cell phone based multi modal agriculture commodity pricing retrieval system. The query and retrieval can be done via internet kiosks or on any GPRS enabled cell phone For this service a farmer can register either through the help of officials available in Mandis (assisted mode) or directly through his mobile phone by SMS or on WAP portal. The registration menu has been prepared by IIT- Kanpur. This service shall be made available on subscription basis at very economical rates which will be deducted from his mobile phone. The system is multi lingual. English and other Indian Languages namely Hindi, Punjabi and Kannada are supported. Currently, the application has been deployed on the BSNL national network in Orissa and Haryana .It supports around 25000 farmers in Orissa and around 11000 in Haryana benefit from this unique service. The unique aspects of this system are that both the queries and the retrieval are multi modal. The service is now majorly operated from IIT Kanpur itself .
“Digital Mandi Application for Indian Kisan” is a unique web and cell phone based multimodal agriculture commodity price retrieval system. It has been developed by BITCOE (BSNL IIT-Kanpur Centre of Excellence) at IIT-Kanpur. BITCOE came into existence on 12th December 2007 with the signing of a tri-partite Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the Department of Telecommunication, Government of India, BSNL & IIT Kanpur. “Digital Mandi Application for Indian Kisan” service was formally inaugurated by Hon’ble MOC & IT on 29th August 2011 and is operational since then.
This service provides a registered farmer alerts through SMS and/or voice on his mobile about selected mandi rates of selected crops. For this service a farmer can register either through the help of officials available in Mandis (assisted mode) or directly through his mobile phone by SMS or on WAP portal. The registration menu has been prepared by IIT- Kanpur. This service shall be made available on subscription basis at very economical rates which will be deducted from his mobile phone. For a crop the subscription time is expected to be about 3 months. Additionally the registration is also being done by the agricultural officers of Odisha State as it has been selected as the first state for deployment. A pictorial illustration of the system is illustrated in Figure 1.
Figure 1: A pictorial representation of an Indian farmer querying crop prices using his cell phone
Both queries and the retrieval are multi modal.
The queries can be placed through both image and textual modalities.
The delivery of the required information is done through the textual modality.
Multi modal retrieval is realized by delivering the requested agro commodity price via a voice call placed to the subscriber.
Additional Voice based access is also provided.
for non GPRS enabled cell phone users making the system truly multi modal.
The system can be accessed by even a very economic cell phone of say Rs. 1500.
This mode is for the Common Famer with access to a simple cell phone with an activated SIM card of any service provider. In this mode the farmer registers at his nearest mandi with the State APMC officers/data entry operator help. The registration data is recorded at IIT Kanpur database. Depending on the choice of the farmer Both SMS and Voice calls in their local languages are sent to the farmer as per his choice.
Another unique feature of this system is the outbound calling feature. Using this feature of the system the farmer can just type in his cell phone number in case he is not able read the local language (Hindi) and the system places an outbound call to his cell phone with the price of the commodity he requested for. The outbound calling feature as displayed on the cell phone is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 : The final screen in the Mandi price retrieval system showing the outbound calling feature.
A user registration form is provided on the cell phone wher a user can register his name, desired mandi names, and desired crops. Once the registration is done the next time a user browses the digital mandi he will be directly provided with both text and voice based access in his native chosen language
The system can provide information in Haryana and UP (Hindi), Punjab (Punjabi), and Karnataka (Kannada) currently Other states and languages will be added later.
An option for direct access is also provided. Thus the guest Users can also avail the Text and Voice Response Features.
An option called ‘My mandi’ is provided where the user can directly access his selected mandi and crop prices.
The option of receiving SMS based prices is provided.
Prices of selected Mandi’s and Crops delivered to the farmer through Text and Voice alerts to the Farmers.
Voice Response Generated using a Natural Sounding Text to Speech Synthesis System.
For the “Digital Mandi” service, data is taken by solution (presently located at IIT-Kanpur) from NIC servers through web integration. Currently the price of agro commodities is being retrieved from the Agmarknet portal maintained by NIC and facilitated by an MOU with the Ministry of Agriculture. The frequency of fetching data from NIC server by solution can be as per requirement. On NIC servers’ data is updated directly by APMCs from local mandis on regular basis(twice a day).
Commerciable (process ongoing)
The current BSNL NIB Network is not enabled for providing IPv6 and Multicast services to BSNL customers. Currently customers use Natted Private IPs to access Internet services. With the advent of new applications like Voice & Video conferencing, public IPs are required by every user, so that the call can be initiated by either party. To provide globally routable addresses to all the customers and to simplify routing, IPv6 is required. Similarly with IP TV and video applications becoming popular in Broadband connections, the network should support Multicasting to efficiently manage the network traffic.
IPv6 Compliance Check : The existing NIB network has been studied and equipment compliance has been checked to verify that the all the equipment installed supports IPv6 and Multicast. Recommendations for upgrade of the equipment which does not support IPv6 or Multicasting have been made. The upgrade could be in terms of Software upgrade or Hardware upgrade/replacement. Discussions with the vendors are underway.
IPv6 Address Planning : IPv6 Address allocation policy has been suggested. A final decision is pending whether the hierarchical address allocation should be done based on geography and then services or based on services and then geography. The issue is being debated internally in BSNL and is also being discussed with multi-play vendors also.
Enable IPv6 Routing : IPv6 routing between BSNL Noida, BSNL Banglore, ALTTC Ghaziabad and IIT Kanpur has been enabled and tested.
Enable IPv6 Peering with other ISPs : Upstream IPv6 routing with Teleglobe has been enabled and tested.
IPv6 Application Servers : IPv6 DNS and Web Server have been tested.
Enable Multicast Routing : Equipment compliance has been checked and recommendations for upgrade have been made.
IPv6 Test Bed : An IPv6 Test Bed has been setup in IIT Kanpur. The Test Bed consitutes of various IPv6 Internet Application Servers, IPv6 enabled Layer 3/2Switches and IPv6 enabled Router. IPv6 Internet connectivity is provided through BSNL. An IPv6 Traffic Generator & Analyzer has also been devloped which can generate and analyze IPv6 traffic for testing compliance of IPv6 features. The IPv6 Test Bed is also connected to IIT Campus Network which is a fully IPv6 enabled Network. A similar test bed is being setup in ALTTC Ghaziabad also.
IPv6 Migration Core Group : A core group has been constituted in BSNL to finalize the IP address allocation policy and make the further migration plan of all the services to IPv6.
IPv6 Migration Plan White Paper : A migration plan document has been prepared and submitted to BSNL, which will form the basis of IPv6 implementation in BSNL NIB Network. It is attached as annexure.
IPv6 Service Offerings : BSNL is providing IPv6 services to leased line customers. Testing has been done for Wire Line DSL subscribers and 2G/3G Data subscribers, but the services have not been launched.
(Non-commercial)
"Traffic monitoring and management" is one of the most crucial issues being faced by metropolitan cities in India. The citizens need to get real-time view of the traffic condition in different parts of the city so that they can plan their commute. Similarly the public service vehicles like roadways buses, school vans, ambulances, fire brigades, police patrol vehicles etc. need to be monitored and their real time location and availability needs to be communicated to the citizens. Simulation models tested with real data can also be used to predict the expected time to clear the traffic congestion and this information can be revised on real time basis. Techniques involving signaled diversions at the key junctions around the source of the jam and the periphery of the congested area can be implemented to mitigate the traffic congestion.
An IPv6 based traffic monitoring, tracking and management solution has been proposed. The traffic will be monitored using IPv6 Video Sensors installed at the red light crossings. They will provide real-time traffic condition. Similarly IPv6 Location Sensors will provide real-time location of all public service vehicles. The real-time locations of public service vehicles and traffic conditions will be displayed over the web using Google Maps. The communication media to provide network connectivity to the Video and Location Sensors can be any technology provided by BSNL: WiMax, 3G or GPRS with GSM SMS as backup. The communication system on IPv6 will be provided by BSNL. The data collected from various locations will be sent to BSNL data centre. Processed and relevant data can be made available on the web through Google Maps giving the real-time location of vehicles and traffic conditions.
The IPv6 Video Sensors will be installed on the red light crossings to capture the live traffic conditions. The captured video will be transmitted to BSNL Data Centre through IPv6 connectivity provided by BSNL on WiMax/3G/GPRS. The public service vehicles will be installed with an IPv6 Location Sensor based on GPS. The Location of these vehicles can be monitored through IPv6 connectivity provided by BSNL on WiMax/3G/GPRS.
Implementing an IPv6 based Intelligent Transport Management System using BSNL Network to support:
Traffic and road network monitoring, management & control.
Public Service Vehicle monitoring and management.
Develop a Green Field IPv6 Implementation Project to boost early IPv6 adoption.
The following methodology is being used to implement IPv6 based Intelligent Transport Management System :-
Data like Latitude, Longitude, date, time, speed etc. captured using GPS are sent by Location Sensors to the server.
Video Sensors installed at red light crossings send live video stream/snapshot to the server.
Server captures the data and stores it in a database.
Google Map API is used to show current location and route taken by a vehicle and live traffic condition at various red light crossings. Reverse Geo-coding is used to get the location address.
The server system has been developed using LAMP architecture.
Data sent by GPS device is manipulated by using shell scripts and then stored in MySQL database.
HTML, PHP, JavaScript is used to design web-interface for traffic management.
Google Map API in JavaScript is used to show data over web-page.
A prototype system has been developed at IIT Kanpur. Following figures show snapshots of the working system :-
Figure 1 : Location Sensor
Figure 2 : IPv6 based ITMS Portal
Figure 3 : Spot Current Position of Vehicle
Figure 4 : Trace Vehicle route
Figure 5 : IPv6 Video Camera Installed at SAC IIT Kanpur
Commerciable (process ongoing)
BSNL is planning to implement an IPv6 Test Facility. It is planning to setup indigenous test labs at ALTTC & RTTC Hyderabad. These labs will also be connected to all RTTCs to provide IPv6 training and testing facilities.
This project is being undertaken under an MOU with DoT. The objective of the project will be to develop an lPv6 Test Lab to be used for training & capacity building, consultancy, compliance and conformity testing of lPv6 networks and components/products. BITCOE has already helped BSNL to setup IPv6 application servers like DNS, Web, DHCP and enable IPv6 auto-configuration and routing in the test lab at ALTTC. BITCOE can further develop the Traffic Generator, Traffic Analyzer and 6-4 Translator for the test labs and generally help BSNL setup and use the labs. BITCOE will also help is formulating Test Cases for conformity testing of IPv6 Networks and components/products.
Design and develop the IPv6 Traffic Generator, IPv6 Traffic Analyzer and IPv6-v4 translator. These products will be indigenously developed and can be used in the Test Setup instead of using very expensive imported test equipment commercially available.
Develop Test Plans to test networks and equipments for IPv6 compliance.
Help BSNL implement the Test Facility in all Training Centres.
IPv6 Traffic Generator :
Generate IPv6 traffic
Define packet parameters: Source Address, Destination Address, Type of traffic, MTU, QoS
Generate Unicast, Multicast and IPSec encrypted traffic
IPv6 Traffic Analyzer :
Capture and display IPv6 traffic
Measure delay and jitter
IPv6-v4 Translator :
IPv6 to IPv4 header and protocol translation
IPv6 Test Plan :
Test Case to verify IPv6 compliance of networks and equipments
A Test Bed was setup using the Traffic Generator and Analyzer developed in-house at IIT Kanpur under BITCOE.
(Non-commercial)
The current CVC Network is not enabled for providing IPv6 services to the users. Currently users use Natted Private IPv4 addresses or proxies to access Internet services. Similarly, the CVC website is accessible over the Internet on IPv4 only. As per the directives of DoT, CVC is required to conduct an audit of its setup to assess the IPv6 readiness and accordingly prepare a transition plan to support IPv6.
A joint project titled “Audit for IPv6 Readiness in CVC” between IIT Kanpur and CVC aims at identifying the requirements for enabling IPv6 in the CVC network and suggesting a transition plan to achieve the same.
Under BITCOE (BSNL IIT Kanpur Telecom Centre of Excellence), a project on Audit for IPv6 Compliance in CVC Network has been undertaken. Currently the CVC network is on IPv4. In order to support IPv6, CVC needs to make strategic plan for the transition ensuring that the services do not get disturbed and the financial implications are minimized. In this project, strategies have been developed to plan and implement the transition process using Dual Stack Transition Approach. During the transition, both IPv4 and IPv6 will coexist and slowly, IPv4 can be phased out. To enable IPv6 services, the following steps need to be followed :-
Study the existing network and check the compliance of all the equipment installed for support of IPv6. The network layout is provided in Annexure III.
Recommend upgradation of the equipment which does not support IPv6. The upgradation could be in terms of Software upgrade or Hardware upgradation/replacement. The equipment which cannot be upgraded should be slowly phased out.
Plan IPv6 addressing for the entire network.
Enable IPv6 routing in the entire network. This will be done in phased manner.
Enable IPv6 peering with NIC for upstream Internet connectivity on IPv6.
Enable IPv6 support in Intranet Application servers.
Setup Network Monitoring and Management for IPv6.
Test IPv6 applications.
Commerciable (process ongoing)
TTSL plans to transition its network to support IPv6. BITCOE IITK’s overall role will be to suggest and advise on the transition plan and monitor execution of the transition plan. The configuration of various equipment to enable IPv6 support will be done by TTL personnel. IITK will only provide remote guidance and support in the implementation process.
| S.No. | Steps | Responsibility | Time Line (From the week of Dec 20th) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Meeting/Telecom to study and understand the entire network and data services being offered by TTL and the requirements for the transition to IPv6. | IITK and TTSL | Week 1 |
| 2. | Select Internet Leased Line as the first service for migration to IPv6. | IITK and TTSL | Week 1 |
| 3. |
Check the compliance of the core and access routers for IPv6 support. Initiate discussions with various access equipment vendors on IPv6 compliance and readiness status. The compliance check will be done with respect to features for different categories of equipment as specified in various IPv6 RFCs. |
IITK and TTSL TTSL IITK to provide IPv6 Feature Compliance Document |
Week 2 |
| 4. | Test DNS for IPv6 resolution | TTSL | Week 2 |
| 5. | Enable IPv6 peering with upstream provider (Bharti). Configure the Gateway Router in Chennai for IPv6 BGP routing through Bharti. |
TTSL IITK to provide sample IPv6 BGP configuration |
Week 2 & 3 |
| 6. | Prepare draft IPv6 Transition Plan document which would include report on compliance requirements, IPv6 address plan and a phased transition plan to enable IPv6 support in the entire network and for all data services. The transition process will start with the core and then cover the access network, one service at a time. | IITK | Week 2 |
| 7. | Enable IPv6 in any one customer network in Chennai and test IPv6 connectivity from customer network. | TTSL | Week 4 & 5 |
| At the end of 1 month, Internet access over IPv6 will be enabled | |||
| 8. | Test IPv6 routing over MPLS backbone. Configure Chennai and Delhi PE routers as 6PE and test IPv6 routing between them. |
TTSL IITK to provide sample 6PE configuration |
Week 6 & 7 |
| 9. | Enable IPv6 in any one customer network in Delhi and test IPv6 connectivity from customer network (traffic should route through MPLS network). | TTSL | Week 8 & 9 |
| 10. | Enable IPv6 peering with NIXI. | TTSL | Week 10 |
| 11. | Upgrade the complete Backbone Data Network to support Dual stack IPv4 and IPv6. | TTSL | Week 11, 12, 13 & 14 |
| 12. | Study the IPv6 readiness of various equipments being used in Wire-line and Wireless (CDMA and GSM) Broadband services and prepare the final Transition Plan Document. | IITK and TTSL | Week 11, 12, 13 & 14 |
| At the end of 3 months, the complete Backbone Network will be IPv6 ready and Internet access through LL over IPv6 will be available | |||
| 13. |
Test IPv6 over Wire-line Broadband in Hyderabad. Upgrade the AAA server to support IPv6. Plan the overall migration of Broadband service to Dual Stack IPv4/v6. |
TTSL TTSL and IITK |
Week 15, 16, 17 & 18 |
| 14. |
Test IPv6 over CDMA. Plan the overall migration of CDMA service to Dual Stack IPv4/v6. |
TTSL TTSL and IITK |
Week 19 & 20 |
| 15. |
Test IPv6 over GSM. Plan the overall migration of GSM service to Dual Stack IPv4/v6. |
Week 21 & 22 | |
| 16. | Enable IPv6 support in various supplementary services like Network Management, billing etc. | TTSL | Week 23 & 24 |
| 17. | Overall Review to check that the transition to IPv6 has been completed | TTSL and IITK | Week 25 & 26 |
| At the end of 6 months, all the Data Services offered by TTSL will be fully or partially (depending on feasibility) IPv6 ready | |||
Commerciable (process ongoing)
The current CWPRS Network is not enabled for providing IPv6 services to the users. Currently users use Natted Private IPv4 addresses or proxies to access Internet services. Similarly, the CWPRS website is accessible over the Internet on IPv4 only. As per the directives of DoT, CWPRS is required to conduct an audit of its setup to assess the IPv6 readiness and accordingly prepare a transition plan to support IPv6.
A joint project titled “Audit for IPv6 Readiness in CWPRS” between IIT Kanpur and CWPRS aims at identifying the requirements for enabling IPv6 in the CWPRS network and suggesting a transition plan to achieve the same.
The Core Switch (3COM 4950G) is not fully IPv6 compliant. It needs to be upgraded to support IPv6 routing in the network. Possibilities should be explored with 3COM/HP to upgrade the software/firmware for IPv6 support. Otherwise it may be replaced with a new IPv6 compliant switch and this may be given in buyback. Suggested configuration for a suitable Core Switch is given in Annexure IV.
The Edge Router (Cisco 2951) is fully IPv6 compliant. It only needs to be configured for IPv6. BSNL should be requested to do the same.
The Distribution Switch (3COM 4900) is not fully IPv6 compliant. It needs to be upgraded to support IPv6 Layer 3 features. However, it is currently being used as Layer 2 switch. Possibilities should be explored with 3COM/HP to upgrade the software/firmware for full IPv6 support or at least IPv6 management support. Otherwise it may be replaced with a new IPv6 compliant switch and this may be given in buyback. Suggested configuration for a suitable Distribution Switch is given in Annexure IV.
The Access Switch (3COM 4400) is not fully IPv6 compliant. It needs to be upgraded to support IPv6 Layer 2 management access. Possibilities should be explored with 3COM/HP to upgrade the software/firmware for IPv6 management support. However, even if it cannot be upgraded, there is immediate impending need to upgrade/replace them.
Firewall Cyberroam UTM is IPv6 compliant. It is IPv6 Ready Logo certified. It only needs to be configured for IPv6.
Windows Me OS is not IPv6 compliant. It needs to be upgraded to any new Microsoft Windows OS.
CWPRS web server and mail server are maintained by NIC. They are not IPv6 compliant. NIC needs to be requested to enable Dual Stack and make them IPv6 compliant.
There is no SNMP Software to monitor and manage the network.
(Potentially commerciable)
Quality of Service (QoS) has become a key research area in the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF). Several RFCs and Internet drafts are published proposing differing tech-
nologies on how to define and deal with reservation and differentiated services, in short
“guaranties” needed by mission critical and real time services. Failures and faults in data
communication networks result have a direct impact on the service guarantees and QoS.
Downtime-prediction of BNGs is therefore crucial for the quality of service (QoS) offered to
the end-user.
There are three possible scenarios under which BNGs go down : -
MAJOR link failure at MPLS side.
Manual reload the BNGs due to MAJOR process crashes.
BNG is down due to Controller Card Problem.
The data generated from all the BNG (Broadband Network Gateway) are used to de- velop a system through which the pattern/trends of the network element can be understood. In particular, the focus is on CPU utiltization and prediction, which provides important in- sight into the downtime phenomenon.
BSNL compiled and provided data on key performance parameters observed (over a period
of about 30 days) on the Broadband Network Gateways (BNG) deployed in BSNL Broadband
Network. The data was provided as a single excel file.
The various parameters in the dataset include: The parameters measured and their
importance is briefed below :-
IP / Host Name / Location of BNGs
Percentage CPU utilisation of BNG
AAAD is the process which controls Auth/Accounting process during PPP/ PPPoE session creation in BNG
ISM is the process which handles all circuits (PPP, VLAN ckts etc.) in BNGs
RCM is the router configuration manager of a BNG
Each BNG is equipped with Internal Memory ( 1Gb) / and External Memory (1Gb) in the form of FLASH memory. The space on these disks are consumed which BNG is handling various process and they are measured and provided in the data.
Whenever a customer is authenticated and starts browsing , a PPPoE/PPP session is established in the BNG. The total number of such PPP/PPPoE sessions are measured and provided in the data. This can be taken as a measure of how many customers are concurrently browsing through that BNG.
Presently, we are able to understand or notice the failure of the network element only when it goes down or fails or process crashes. The performance of BNGs must be monitored through Traffic or Bandwidth utilization, Total Customers-Active sessions handled, Process utilization, Memory Utilization, CPU utilization etc. We need your help to develop the system through which the performance of this network element and give some indications / triggers with which we can understand the trend or the health pattern of the network element.
In the context of statistical signal processing, prediction is also referred to as statistical
inference. Classical techniques for prediction include regression analysis, time-series analy-
sis. Particular methods include least squares prediction, logistic regression, auto-regressive
moving average models, and vector auto-regression models. Other non-classical techniques
include machine learning methods such as dictionary learning.
In the context of parametric prediction, the goal is to estimate the parametric model that
can explain the data. As long as the model is generalizable, it can be used for prediction.
In order to use regression analysis for prediction, data is collected on the variable that has
to be predicted (the dependent variable) and other variables referred to as independent
variables, whose values are hypothesized to influence it. A linear model is often assumed
for simplicity. If the time-series is stationary, the autoregressive moving-average (ARMA)
models can provide a succinct description of the process.
The autoregressive process specifies that the output variable depends linearly on its own
previous values. The time dependence in the process decays to zero as the random variables
in the process get farther and farther apart. Such a process can be created using the first
order autoregressive (AR(1)) model.
The data generated by the BNG’s(Broadband Network Gateway) is hypothesized to follow
the AR model and is given as :-
x(t) = a · x(t − 1) + b · x(t − 24) + c + n (1)
where ,
The file named ’model_final.m’ may be run in matlab to generate the plot shown above.
The AR model used may be changed in line number 14 of the file. For instance the value
taur = [0 1 2 23 24];
implies that the AR model used for prediction is X(t) = aX(t − 1) + bX(t − 2) + cX(t −
23)+dX(t−24). The AR model can be changed and a higher order AR model is expected
to perform better. Within the context of CPU utilization, the performance improvement
obtained from using a higher order AR model is negligible.
Figure 1: Average Percentage predicted Error (Normalized) corresponding to CPU utiliza- tion off all BNG’s at different time stamps
The correlation between CPU utilization and PPoE sessions was found to be weak. Further, no correlation was found between the activity levels of authorization processes (AAAD) and number of sessions.
The CPU utilization level varied slowly and periodically over time. This aspect can be utilized to predict CPU utilization with an accuracy of about 20%, using the provided MATLAB script.
BSNL may utilize the provided MATLAB script to monitor unusual traffic activity. This is achieved by comparing the predicted CPU utilization with the actual utilization and looking for spikes.
Commerciable (process ongoing)
With rapid development, India, has seen a surge in telecommunication and mobile infrastructure all across the landscape. All the telecom exchanges use some form of power supply to provide -48 V DC power to its equipments. Generally, grid is used to provide this power to the exchanges. Battery and Diesel Generators (DGs) are used as back-ups. Due to heavy shortage of grid power, rural India sees long hours of power outages. This necessitates the running the exchanges on DGs or batteries, which increases the operational cost of the exchange.
Telecom exchanges are powered from a three-phase or single-phase AC grid depending on the installed capacity. A telecom power plant takes this grid input and generates DC power for the telecom equipments. Thus, a power plant is essentially an AC to DC rectifier with isolated DC outputs. Currently used power plants work with either single phase or three phase grid inputs depending on the installed capacity of the exchange.
A conventional telecom power plant designed for a three-phase grid input stops working unless all the three phases of the grid are active. This creates operational issues in rural exchanges where grid supply is unreliable and intermittent in nature. In fact, in rural parts of India, a three-phase grid may be partially down with only one or two phases active at a time. Therefore, the use of diesel generators in these exchanges becomes eminent even during partial grid failure, which results in increased carbon footprint and cost of operation.
To solve this problem, a new power plant is designed and commercialized to meet the requirements of rural India. This power plant works with one-two-or-three phase grid inputs depending on availability. The choice of active phase/phases for the operation of the power plant is automatic without any manual intervention. Utmost care is taken to integrate this new design to currently used topologies of power plants so that the integration into existing system can be eased.
In this project a proof-of-concept prototype was designed and developed. This prototype exhibited satisfactory operation under universal-phase input conditions. All the operational modes of the power plant were verified in the laboratory.
Input Voltage : 90 V-270 VAC (single phase)
320 V-480 V AC (two and three phase)
Output Voltage : -44 V to -56 V DC (fully regulated)
Output Current : 50 A (two and three phase)
25 A (single phase)
Battery Charging : Satisfies all the battery charging specs as per TEC-GR.
Commerciable (process ongoing)
With rapid development, India, has seen a surge in telecommunication and mobile infrastructure all across the landscape. All the telecom exchanges use some form of power supply to provide -48 V DC power to its equipments. Generally, grid is used to provide this power to the exchanges. Battery and Diesel Generators (DGs) are used as back-ups. Due to heavy shortage of grid power, rural India sees long hours of power outages. This necessitates the running the exchanges on DGs or batteries, which increases the operational cost of the exchange.
Telecom exchanges are powered from a three-phase or single-phase AC grid depending on the installed capacity. A telecom power plant takes this grid input and generates DC power for the telecom equipments. Thus, a power plant is essentially an AC to DC rectifier with isolated DC outputs. Currently used power plants work with either single phase or three phase grid inputs depending on the installed capacity of the exchange.
A conventional telecom power plant designed for a three-phase grid input stops working unless all the three phases of the grid are active. This creates operational issues in rural exchanges where grid supply is unreliable and intermittent in nature. In fact, in rural parts of India, a three-phase grid may be partially down with only one or two phases active at a time. Therefore, the use of diesel generators in these exchanges becomes eminent even during partial grid failure, which results in increased carbon footprint and cost of operation.
To solve this problem, a new power plant is designed and commercialized to meet the requirements of rural India. This power plant works with one-two-or-three phase grid inputs depending on availability. The choice of active phase/phases for the operation of the power plant is automatic without any manual intervention. Utmost care is taken to integrate this new design to currently used topologies of power plants so that the integration into existing system can be eased. The development of the power plant was carried out in various stages over the years.
In the first stage of the project a proof-of-concept prototype was designed and developed. This prototype exhibited satisfactory operation under universal-phase input conditions. All the operational modes of the power plant were verified in the laboratory.
In the second stage of the project, its commercialization effort was carried out. VMC Systems Ltd., was approached for commercialization of the power plant. With engineering help from IIT Kanpur, VMC systems, developed a commercial prototype by integrating one of their existing designs with IITK design.
Input Voltage : 90 V-270 VAC (single phase)
320 V-480 V AC (two and three phase)
Output Voltage : -44 V to -56 V DC (fully regulated)
Output Current : 50 A (two and three phase)
25 A (single phase)
Battery Charging : Satisfies all the battery charging specs as per TEC-GR.
Commerciable (process ongoing)
With rapid development, India, has seen a surge in telecommunication and mobile infrastructure all across the landscape. All the telecom exchanges use some form of power supply to provide -48 V DC power to its equipments. Generally, grid is used to provide this power to the exchanges. Battery and Diesel Generators (DGs) are used as back-ups. Due to heavy shortage of grid power, rural India sees long hours of power outages. This necessitates the running the exchanges on DGs or batteries, which increases the operational cost of the exchange.
Telecom exchanges are powered from a three-phase or single-phase AC grid depending on the installed capacity. A telecom power plant takes this grid input and generates DC power for the telecom equipments. Thus, a power plant is essentially an AC to DC rectifier with isolated DC outputs. Currently used power plants work with either single phase or three phase grid inputs depending on the installed capacity of the exchange.
A conventional telecom power plant designed for a three-phase grid input stops working unless all the three phases of the grid are active. This creates operational issues in rural exchanges where grid supply is unreliable and intermittent in nature. In fact, in rural parts of India, a three-phase grid may be partially down with only one or two phases active at a time. Therefore, the use of diesel generators in these exchanges becomes eminent even during partial grid failure, which results in increased carbon footprint and cost of operation.
To solve this problem, a new power plant is designed and commercialized to meet the requirements of rural India. This power plant works with one-two-or-three phase grid inputs depending on availability. The choice of active phase/phases for the operation of the power plant is automatic without any manual intervention. Utmost care is taken to integrate this new design to currently used topologies of power plants so that the integration into existing system can be eased. The development of the power plant was carried out in various stages over the years.
In the first stage of the project a proof-of-concept prototype was designed and developed. This prototype exhibited satisfactory operation under universal-phase input conditions. All the operational modes of the power plant were verified in the laboratory.
In the second stage of the project, its commercialization effort was carried out. VMC Systems Ltd., was approached for commercialization of the power plant. With engineering help from IIT Kanpur, VMC systems, developed a commercial prototype by integrating one of their existing designs with IITK design.
In the third stage of the project, the commercial prototype was tested in the field to validate its on-site operation. A field trail of the power plant was conducted at DUDEDA AN-RAX Exchange in SIDDIPET SDCA of MEDAK SSA under Andhra Pradesh Circle. The operation of the power plant was satisfactory under universal-phase input condition up to 50 A loading with good efficiency. Based on this field trail several design up-gradations were recommended by BSNL. In the fourth stage, the design up-gradations were implemented in the prototype.
After various design up-gradations and a field testing it was found that the power factor and power quality of the power plant can be improved further to meet international standards. As a part of this project, a filter was designed to act as an add-on to the power plant. The filter network is placed at the input to the power plant. Care was taken to achieve the lowest possible component count yet achieve the best possible power quality performance.
Experimental results show a power factor of above 0.9 for one-two- and three phase operation over the required load range. Never the less, in most cases, the power factor was above 0.95. The harmonic standards were also met by the inclusion of this new passive filter. A picture of the prototype and experimental set up are shown below.
Figure shows the three phase AC inputs through an input transformer and the passive filter designed as an add-on to the power plant.
Figure shows the complete power plant implementation under test in our lab.