Lecture Series

Speaker: Dr. Naresh Chand

Affiliation:Associate Vice President, IEEE Photonics Society, NJ, USA

Topic : Advances and Opportunities in Optical Communication Networks and Systems
Date/Time : 25 October, 2022 at 4:00 PM.
Venue : Lecture Hall-15

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Abstract :Today we are at the beginning of 4th industrial revolution in which Photonics in general and Optical Communication technologies in particular are the key enablers. They offer India unlimited opportunities to contribute and benefit, driving her green- economic growth towards US $5 Trillion goal by 2024. Photonics is everywhere around us. New photonics technologies, pr oduc t s and appli c a tions continue to eme rge . All emerging technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, machine learning, smart X (X could be states, cities, villages, communities, and/or homes), data centers, vehicular communications, and cloud computing rely heavily on Optical Communication Networks and Systems. This talk will discuss advances and opportunities in this field.

Biodata of Dr. Naresh Chand: Presently Dr. Naresh Chand represents IEEE Photonics Society in multiple leadership capacities. In 2019, he retired as Director from the US R&D Center of Huawei Technologies in NJ where he was working on developing low-cost advanced technologies for Ultra-Broadband Optical Access Networks since 2011. Prior to this, he worked for BAE Systems (2003-11), Agere Systems and AT&T/Lucent Bell Laboratories (1986-2003), and Dept of Electronics, Government of India (1974-79). His areas of research include optical communication systems, fiber-to-the-home, RF over fiber, non-hermetic 1300-1500 nm InP lasers, reliable high power 980 nm InGaAs/GaAs pump lasers, VCSELs, HBTs, HEMTs, QWIPs, GaAs/Si and AlGaAs/GaAs MBE. He has several firsts and world records to his credit. He has authored > 180 research papers and 15 patents (issued). He did his M.Sc. (Tech) Electronics in 1974 from BITS, Pilani with Gold Medal. From there he joined IIT Kanpur to do his PhD that he left to join Dept. of electronics, Govt. of India, where he was involved with the licensing and development of the Electronic Component industry in India. Later on a British Commonwealth Scholarship, he did his M. Eng. (1980) and Ph.D. (1983) in EE from the University of Sheffield, UK. He also did 2 years post-doctoral research at the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. Dr. Naresh Chand is a Life Fellow of IEEE and the founder of Prakash Bharati to promote Photonics in India.

Speaker : Sri. H. B. Srivastava

Affiliation : Director, LASTEC/DRDO

Topic : Lasers in Homeland Security and Defence
Date/Time : 17th August at 5:00 P.M. (Tea will be served at 04:30 PM)
Venue : L17(New Lecture Hall Complex)
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Abstract : Lasers have been traditionally used in medical and industrial applications for long. The applicability of lasers in security and defence is now only gaining momentum. Non-conventional and invisible technologies are required that can detect threats, e.g. explosives, chemical and biological warfare agents. LASTEC has been experimenting with scattering and absorption based laser spectroscopy techniques to address these concerns. The talk will present the recent advances made at LASTEC in these areas. A few research areas of interest to defence scientists, which may become potential collaboration topics between LASTEC and IIT Kanpur communities, will also be presented.

Biodata of Sri. H. B. Srivastava : Shri Hari Babu Srivastava took over as Director of Laser Science and Technology Centre, Delhi on 20th June 2014. At this Centre, he has been spearheading various laser technologies ranging from high power laser sources to chem.-bio LIDARs, explosive identification, laser countermeasures, electro-optical/laser equipment and various other innovative laser applications for use in low intensity conflicts and for armed forces.

He joined DRDO in 1984 at Instruments Research and Development Establishment (IRDE), Dehra Dun, after a brief stint (1983-84) in industry at M/S Hindustan Instruments Ltd., New Delhi. He took over as Director of Electronics and Computer Science at DRDO HQs on 18th April 2013, where he was instrumental in pushing a large number of DRDO projects of national importance. He was also associated with Kota Harinarayana committee, a committee set up by the Govt. of India, for studying organizational aspects and productionization of DRDO technologies. He was re-designated as Director Tech. (Electronics and Communication Systems) on restructuring of DRDO HQ on implementation of Rama Rao Committee recommendations. He is an alumnus of IIT Roorkee and IIT Kanpur from where he obtained his B.E. and M. Tech. degrees in Electrical Engg., respectively.

SpeakerDr. Stanley E. Whitcomb

Affiliation : Affiliation:LIGO Lab(operated by Caltech and MIT)

Topic : LIGO: On the Threshold of Gravitational-wave Astronomy Science
Date/Time : 24th September at 6:00 P.M. (Tea will be served at 05:45 PM)
Venue : L4(Lecture Hall Complex)

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Abstract : The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory is a project to develop ultra-sensitive optical interferometers for the detection and study of gravitational waves from astrophysical sources. First detections are expected in the next few years, and they will offer new information about some of the most energetic events in our universe. The challenges of using interferometry to detect gravitational waves and how LIGO is meeting those challenges will be described. In conclusion, there will be a short discussion of the importance of international networks for extracting the full potential from gravitational wave observations.

Biodata of Dr. Stanley E. Whitcomb : Dr. Stanley E. Whitcomb is currently the Chief Scientist of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) Laboratory. The LIGO Lab is operated by Caltech and MIT through funding from the National Science Foundation.

It comprises observatories in Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington, in addition to the groups at Caltech and MIT. Over thirty years in development and construction, LIGO is expected to begin taking data at its design sensitivity by year’s end, and will be a key part of an international network of gravitational wave detectors, seeking to learn about the universe through a new type of signal. The LIGO Scientific Collaboration currently includes approximately 800 scientists, engineers and students from more than 60 institutions in 12 countries.
Professor Stan received his undergraduate education at Caltech. He had one year of graduate study at Cambridge University before completing his Ph. D at the University of Chicago in far-infrared and submillimeter astronomy. He returned to Caltech in 1980 as the assistant professor of physics, near the beginning of Caltech’s entry into the field of gravitational wave detection. Over the years since then, he has been involved in nearly every phase of the effort to build LIGO—concept development, prototype sensitivity demonstration, detector design and installation, commissioning, data analysis, and management. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and of the Optical Society of America.

Speaker: Prof. Kazuaki Sakoda

Affiliation: National Institute for Materials Science & Tsukuba University

Topic : Nanophotonics Studies Based on Modern Optics and Materials Science
Date/Time : 19th August at 12:00 P.M.
Venue : DA 229

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Abstract : The combination of modern optics and materials science can realize a variety of novel optical phenomena that may find innovative applications.In this lecture I will review the recent achievements of such nanophotonics studies in our research group. I will focus in particular on
(1) The control of the radiation field by photonic crystals metamaterials plasmonicnano-cavities and their fabrication technologies
(2) nano-scale materials sciencelike quantum dots quantum rings isoelectronic traps and polariton nano-fibers
(3) Their applications (Purcell effect photonic Dirac cone tunable laser micro-pattern laser thermalIR source single-photon source and entangled photon-pair source).The lecture will be an introductory one for both graduate and undergraduate students.

Biodata of Prof Kazuki Sakoda :Kazuaki Sakoda is the Managing Director of the Photonic Materials Unit at the National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Japan. He is also a Professor in the Doctoral Program in Materials Science and Engineering at the Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba.

Professor Sakoda is an engineer and scientist by training. Prior to joining NIMS as a Senior Researcher in 2002, he was a researcher at the Toray Industries Electronic and Information Materials Research Laboratory and an Associate Professor of the Hokkaido University Research Institute for Electronic Science. He was appointed Director of the NIMS Quantum Dot Center in 2007 and has been Unit Director of the Photonic Materials Unit since 2011.

Prof. Sakoda is a very well-known researcher in the area of Photonic crystals and has several seminal publications to his credit. He holds the credit of writing the first comprehensive textbook on the optical properties of photonic crystals. The book provides both introductory knowledge for graduate and undergraduate students and also important ideas for researchers in this field.

SpeakerProf. Yukihiro Ozaki
Professor, School of Science and Technology
Kwansei Gakuin University
2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337 Japan
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Topic SERS; its Principle and Biological Applications
Date/Time: 21st August at 5:15 PM (Tuesday)
Place: L-12

Abstract : Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an extraordinary candidate for detecting and characterizing biological and biomedical molecules, because Raman cross-sections of these molecules attached to Au or Ag nanostructures can be enhanced by a factor of 1010-1014. In fact, SERS has actively been applied to the nondestructive and ultrasensitive characterization of biomolecules, and has thus attracted increasing interest in the field of life sciences, including in DNA-, protein-, cell-, and bacterial studies. The enhancement originates from the near electromagnetic (EM) field or charge transfer (CT) interactions between nanostructures and the attached molecules on them. Thanks to the enhancement, detection time of SERS considerably decreases compared to conventional Raman scattering. SERS for biological and biomedical molecules generally uses near-infrared (NIR) lasers, which can reduce the risk of damaging the molecules even by applying high power. The high specificity of vibrational spectra and the sensitivity to the aqueous environment increase the significance of SERS to study living biological systems. Also SERS active nanoparticles (NPs) bring advantages of detecting or tracking different known biomolecules over fluorescent tags. The usage of such fluorescent tags suffer from confused overlapping fluorescence spectra broader than SERS spectra and non-uniform photobleaching rates, which brings us several potential complications On Ag or Au NPs, optical responses of adsorbed molecules are enhanced. It is widely known in the field of surface enhanced spectroscopy. One of the most common examples may be SERS for the researchers involved in analytical chemistry fields. The enhancement factors of SERS up to 1014 allow us to measure spectra of single molecules (SMs). Raman spectra have distinct vibrational bands known as “molecular fingerprints”, which enable us to attribute molecular species in details. Despite the significant impact of SERS in basic research, fundamental issues such as lack of conclusive evidence for validating the mechanism underlying SERS. We attempted here to resolve the issue by identifying correlations between SERS and its mechanism. There are mainly two mechanisms underlying SERS, which are based on two different mechanisms of enhancement: one is electromagnetic (EM) mechanism and another is chemical one. EM mechanism is characterized by twofold EM enhancement of Raman process induced by plasmon resonance. Chemical enhancement is characterized by shifting of Raman scattering in non-resonance to that in resonance through the formation of charge transfer complexes between adsorbed molecules and metal surface . Both mechanisms have been experimentally investigated in detail and found to be valid. Thus, in an effort to find out which mechanism is dominant, quantitative evaluation of SERS based on exclusive one mechanism is important. In the section, we focus ourselves on recent experimental investigations of EM mechanism using systems composed of single AgNP aggregates and rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules. Thanks to the protection of functional groups of R6G chemical interaction between Ag surfaces and ?-electrons of R6G is weak, indicating we can expect exclusive contribution on EM mechanism to SERS in the system. Generally, there are two kinds of strategies for SERS-based detection of biological molecules. One is label-free detection and the other is Raman dye-labeled detection. Label-free detection is a method of acquiring intrinsic SERS spectra of target biomolecules. It is a simple, direct and reliable approach, but its sensitivity is not high enough in some cases especially for those biomoleculs with small Raman-cross sections. In the case of Raman-dye labeled detection, SERS spectra of extrinsic labels are used as representatives of masked target biomolecules. Recent years, lots of Raman-dye labeled NPs probes have been developed for biomolecule detection based on biomolecule-ligand interactions. It is an indirect approach with high sensitivity; however, it is not always reliable because nonspecific bindings of the ligands may cause false positive results.For some SERS-inactive biomolecules, e.g., phenolic estrogens, changing them to be SERS-active is a new idea we proposed for their detection. It is an indirect method, differing from the Raman-dye labeled strategy because the target molecules are changed to azo dyes and the SERRS spectra correspond to the target molecules. In this chapter we describe our several important strategies for the detection of proteins and other biological molecules by SERS.1. Itoh, T.; Sujith, A.; Ozaki, Y. in Frontiers of Molecular Spectroscopy, J. Laane ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2009, p.289–320.
2. Han, X. X.; Zhao, B.; Ozaki, Y. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2009, 394, 1719.
3. Han, X. X.; Zhao, B.; Ozaki, Y. Trends in Anal. Chem. in press.
4. Itoh, T.; Biju, V.; Ishikawa, M.; Kikkawa, Y.; Hashimoto, K.; Ikehata, A.; Ozaki, Y. J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 124, 134708.
5. Itoh, T.; Yoshida, K.; Biju, V.; Kikkawa, Y.; Ishikawa, M.; Ozaki, Y. Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 085405.
6. Yoshida, K.; Itoh, T.; Biju, V.; Ishikawa, M.; Ozaki, Y. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2009, 95, 263104.
7. Yoshida, K.; Itoh, T.; Biju, V.; Ishikawa, M.; Ozaki, Y. Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 085419.

Speaker: Prof. P. N. Prasad
Departments of Chemistry, Physics, Electrical Engineering and Medicine
Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics
University at Buffalo,The State University of New York
Buffalo, NY 14260-3000, US
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Topic (a): Nanophotonics: Controlling the Excitation Dynamics at Nanoscale to Impact on World Energy and Healthcare
Date/Time: March 15, 2012 at 11:15 AM (Thursday)
Place: L-6

Topic (b): METAPHOTONICS: A New Multidisciplinary Frontier
Date/Time: March 15, 2012 at 05:15 PM (Thursday)
Place: L-11

Abstract (a) Nanophotonics deals with interaction between light and matter on nanoscale 1 . Its coverage includes size dependence of optical properties in quantum-confined structures, local field enhancement due to plasmonics that leads to enhanced linear, and nonlinear optical responses, as well as nanocontrol of excitation dynamics. We are developing nanoscale inorganic, organic and hybrid materials in which phonon-induced excitation dynamics, energy transfer and nonlinear optical interactions can be controlled and photon localization can be manifested. Application of nanophotonics to two areas of global priority: solar energy conversions and 21 st century healthcare will be discussed.
For solar energy conversion, our nanophotonics approach uses hybrid nanostructures in which quatum dots are utilized to harvest photons and a polymeric medium provides a flexible large area structure with ease of processing. The emphasis is to efficiently use u.v. photons by carrier multiplication derived from multi-excitation generation as well as harvest IR photons efficiently by quantum dots and multipods of a narrow band-gap semiconductor. Our approach utilizes nanocontrol of excitation dynamics, phonon relaxation, interfacial electron transfer, electron cascading and carrier dynamics to maximize conversion of photon energy to electrical energy.
Nanophotonics application to Biophotonics in the form of Nanobiophotonics provides new approaches for 21 st century healthcare by its application to the field of nanomedicine which is generating worldwide interest 2, 3 . Nanophotonics provides optical functions for multimodal optical imaging and light controlled targeted therapy. A major opportunity is created for nanomedicine by the use of nanostructures to manipulate the optical resonances and excitations dynamics which provide novel modalities for optical imaging and light controlled therapy. An important aspect of our program is the use of nonlinear optical processes such as twophoton excitation. Control of multiphoton excitation dynamics provides approaches for light activated and optically monitored therapy. Examples provided are photodynamic therapy and gene therapy; their impact on a broad range of health care challenges covering cancer, neurological diseases, infectious diseases, addictions, obesity and depression will be discussed.
1. P.N. Prasad “Nanophotonics”, John Wiley & Sons, New York (2004)
2. P. N. Prasad “Introduction to Biophotonics”, John Wiley
3. P.N Prasad “Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering”, John Wiley, New York (May, 2012)

Abstract (b) Metaphotonics is a rapidly emerging new direction that deals with manipulation of electric and magnetic fields and their coupling in nanoengineered materials to control the field distribution and propagation of electromagnetic waves. The application of metaphotonics ranges from photonics communications, to solar energy harvesting, to sensor technology, to biophotonics. Metaphotonics covers a broad scope which includes:

Chiro-Optics describes the coupling of electric and magnetic dipoles in a chiral medium. Here chiral control of both linear and nonlinear optical properties can be used for manipulation of beam propagation. Chiro-optics also provides a new chemical approach to achieve negative refraction. Our theory-guided design of novel polymeric chiral media to yield negative refractive index will be discussed, along with our more recent reports of plasmonic, structural, and excitonic enhancement of chirality. We have shown that each of these mechanisms can produce increases in chirality parameter of more than an order of magnitude; their combination should ultimately produce chirality parameter values approaching one to enable chiral negative index materials.
Magneto-Optics describes the magnetic control of optical fields and involves cross-coupling between electric and magnetic fields. The two principal effects are Faraday rotation, and magnetic circular dichroism. Our efforts in this direction, using chiral polymer nanocomposites, will be presented. A promising direction is the use of stable organic biradicals for light harvesting, controllable reactivity, and spin valve applications.
Magneto-Plasmonics describes hybrid materials and systems with synergistic magnetic and plasmonic functionality. Here, a quasistatic magnetic field can modulate the dispersion relation of plasmons via induced magnetization of (ferro)magnetic component, and/or plasmonic field can, in turn, modify the dielectric tensor of the former. This can be used for biosensing, dual modality bioimaging and enhanced photothermal therapy. We are pursuing coupled modeling and experimental efforts to develop novel biosensing systems and therapeutic nanoplatforms based on core-shell geometries: an iron oxide core with a gold shell and an iron-platinum core with a gold shell.
Plexcitonics involves plasmon-exciton coupling in hybrid metal/organic/inorganic systems to manipulate absorption and emission of organic/inorganic counterpart as well as the plasmonic field distribution. It can find application in quantum computing and light harvesting. To this point, we are studying doped copper chalcogenide systems coupled to plasmonic metals.
Spin-Photonics describes optical control of magnetization. Here our efforts are both on inorganic and organic nanostructures with a rich manifold of excited spin states as well as their nanocomposites.
Switchable/Transformable Materials in which electric, optical, and magnetic fields can be used for dynamic and reversible control of an optical field as well as linear and nonlinear optical functions.

Here our efforts in electrically and optically switchable liquid crystal based photonic structures will be presented.

This talk will conclude with a discussion of new opportunities in metaphotonics.
1. P. N. Prasad “Nanophotonics” John Wiley & Sons, (2004).
2. P. N. Prasad “Introduction to Biophotonics” John Wiley & Sons, (2003).
3. P. N. Prasad “Introduction to Nanomedicine and Nanobioengineering” John Wiley & Sons, (to be published)

Speaker: Dr. Rohit Bhargava
Full Time Faculty
Bioimaging Science and Technology
Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
(http://www.beckman.uiuc.edu/directory/index.php?qry=BY_NETID&type=BIO&filter=rxb)

Topic: Cancer Pathology Using Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging
Date/Time: February 29, 2008 (Friday)/ 5 PM
Place: L-13

Abstract : Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging is a strongly emerging technique that combines the molecular selectivity of spectroscopy with the spatial specificity of optical microscopy. Hence, the technique is capable of providing molecularly specific imaging without the use of probes or specialized reagents. The data recorded being quantitative, numerical methods can be used to extract information objectively and reproducibly. We first demonstrate a new concept in obtaining high fidelity data using commercial array detectors coupled to a microscope and Michelson interferometer. Next, we apply the developed technique to automate human cancer diagnoses and grading. Traditionally, disease diagnoses are based on optical examinations of stained tissue and involve a skilled recognition of morphological patterns of specific cell types (Histopathology). Utilizing endogenous molecular contrast inherent in vibrational spectra, we employed specially designed tissue microarrays and pattern recognition to develop algorithms for automated classifications. The developed protocol is objective, statistically significant and, being compatible with current tissue processing procedures, holds potential for routine clinical diagnoses. We present the application of the concept to detection and grading of in biopsies for different tissue types. We first demonstrate that the classification of tissue type (histology) and that of disease (pathology) can be accomplished in a manner that is robust and rigorous. Since we employ a classifier based on linear combinations of spectral features, the biochemical basis of tissue recognition is apparent. Since data quality and classifier performance are linked, we quantify the relationship both analytically and empirically through our analysis model. We demonstrate that the classification of tissue is both possible and statistically controllable by using simple parameters to determine operating points. Last, we introduce a systems concept to the idea of automated pathology for prostate, breast and colon tissues. In particular, we demonstrate human competitive capability in recognizing histopathology and in automating disease diagnoses.

Ramachandra Rao Dasari,former Professor of Physics, I.I.T. Kanpur, age 87, passed away in Schererville,IN,U.S.A. on April 12, 2020.He was born in India in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh. He had all his education in India receiving B.Sc. in 1954 from Andhra University, M.Sc. in 1956 from Benares Hindu University and Ph.D. in 1960 from Aligarh Muslim University. He joined the faculty of the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur in 1962 and became a full professor in 1973. During this period, he spend two years at MIT (1966-68) as a visiting scientist and gained valuable experience in the fabrication of lasers and research in laser physics. Prof. Dasari's major accomplishments at IIT, Kanpur include building one of the largest Laser laboratories for university research in India,(many lasers were actually built at IIT Kanpur) training large number of Ph.D students in laser research and interactions with R&D laboratories such as Central Electronics Ltd, New Delhi, and Bharat Heavy Electricals, Hyderabad for laser technology based instrumentation. As Physics panel member of UGC, he had initiated number of new initiatives for improvements in undergraduate education and organized workshops for training of teachers. Besides laser fabrication he also worked in high resolution spectroscopy of simple molecules, vibrational-rotational relaxations in infrared and laser spectroscopy of rare-earth ions in single crystals. He left IIT Kanpur in 1978.

Canada And USA

Prof. Dasari spend a year (1978-79) as a visiting Senior Research Officer at the National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa and another year (1979-80) as visiting Scientist at the Department of Physics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. He joined MIT in 1980 as a visiting Professor of Physics. In 1981 he was appointed Principal Research Scientist in Spectroscopy Laboratory. In 1984 he was appointed as Assistant Director of the Spectroscopy Laboratory and later promoted as Associate Director in 1992. He oversaw project coordination and facility developments of the National Institute of Health supported MIT Laser Biomedical Research Centre and also coordinated research programs associated with the National Science Foundation supported Laser Research facility. His major research activities were laser biomedical studies leading to spectral diagnosis of disease using several techniques like scattering, reflectance, fluorescence, and Raman spectroscopy. Specifically, detection of early stages of cancer in several organs of the body including breast, colon, bladder, esophagus, uterine cervix, and oral cavity was the major theme of research. Also he was involved in the extensive studies that were conducted in vitro and in some cases in vivo related to atherosclerosis in coronary, femoral and carotid arteries. His other research were related to low coherence interferometry for detection of nanometer motions in cells and neurons, Dicke narrowing in infrared transitions, laser nuclear studies, molecular collisions and dynamics and single atom laser.

Publications

Dr. Dasari's research publications numbering close to 200 in referred journals which include Physical Rev. Letters, Physical Review, Nature, Optics Letters, Applied Optics, Journal of Quantum Electronics, Applied Spectroscopy, , Journal of Chemical Physics, Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy, Cancer Research, Gastro Enterology, etc. He had given numerous lectures at universities in the U.S.A., Canada, and India and participated in several international conferences. Under his supervision, twelve students have received Ph.D.degrees and several students received M.S./M.Tech degrees.

Speaker	Affiliation	Topic
Dr. D D Bhawalkar	DAE/IITK	Laser Cooling
Prof K R Sarma (PPT)	Samtel	Recent advances in Display Technology
Prof R R Dasari(PPT)	MIT	Spectroscopy for Diagnosis of Disease
Prof G Ravindra(PPT) Kumar	TIFR	New Peaks
Dr Rama Chari(PPT)	CAT Indore	Fiber Nonlinearity as a Monitor of Ultra-short Pulse Characteristics
Prof B P Singh(PPT)	IITB	Optoelectronic and Nonlinear optical Processes in Low Dimensional Organic and Inorganic Semiconductors
Prof Alika Khare(PPS)	IITG	Periodic Structures via Laser Matter Interaction

R R Dasari Lecture Series

Ramachandra Rao Dasari Distinguished Lecture Series